";s:4:"text";s:30243:"Another major component of public expenditure in Scotland is on medical and social care services delivered by the devolved National Health Service (NHS), which delivers the majority of medical services in Scotland, and Local Authorities responsible for social care services. Most denominational schools in Scotland are Roman Catholic. This led to smaller firms strengthening links with the academic community and substantial, industry-specific retraining programmes for the workforce. The rail network is primarily centred on the central belt and is used principally as a means of public transport, with some freight movements â for example from the port facilities at Grangemouth and Hunterston Ore Terminal. The tourism body has calculated the value of direct and indirect spending, and concluded it represents 4.5% of the Scottish economy. It is generally argued that this has been in response to increasing globalisation and competition from low cost producers across the world, which has eroded Scotland's comparative advantage in such industries over the later half of the 20th century. The economy revived with munitions production during World War II. Many roads in the Highlands are single track, with passing places. Investment, insurance and asset servicing, Relationship with the rest of the United Kingdom, Scotland's debts were taken over by England, "These are exports of goods and services by Scottish companies to customers in the rest of the UK. The Scottish Government has stated that no fracking can or will take place in Scotland while the moratorium remains in place. Edinburgh was ranked 15th in the list of world financial centres in 2007, but fell to 37th in 2012, following damage to its reputation,[45] and in 2015 was ranked 71st out of 84. There were around 76.⦠Furthermore, the textiles industry is the seventh-largest exporter in Scotland accounting for over 3% of all Scottish manufactured products. Scotlandâs increase in GDP per capita since 2014, $3,800, is well below the average of $6,300. Register to receive email news alerts, daily digest, weekly roundup or Topic newsletters. Tourism spend worth £10.5bn Tourism contributes significantly to the Scottish economy and is vital to the economic performance and employment of towns, cities, regions and rural communities across the length and breadth of Scotland. Forests, especially those surrounding populated areas in Central Scotland, also provide a recreation resource. Many island communities on Scotland's western seaboard are served by lifeline ferry services operated by the state-owned company Caledonian MacBrayne, which carry tourists as well as freight and are vital to the economies of these islands. Note: Revenues from North Sea oil and gas are not included in these figures. Edinburgh is the financial services centre of Scotland, with many large financial firms based there. Several universities are playing an important role by producing research in Computing Science, including the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics. 36.5% "[61] The Scottish Government states that it is taking a cautious, considered and evidenced-based approach to fracking. In 2019 there were 21,805 new homes built according to the 'Housing Statistcs for Scotland Quarterly Update', published on 10th March 2020. This means different areas of Scotland will have different restrictions. The economy of Scotland had an estimated nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of up to £170 billion in 2018. [41] The trade brought urbanisation of the population, including large numbers of migrants from the Highlands and from Ireland. This represents about 4.5% of total Scottish GDP. The Judiciary of Scotland run the Civil and Criminal courts and set court procedure through Acts of Sederunt, or Acts of Ajournal, respectively. The south-west of Scotland â principally Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway â is a centre of dairying. Unlike in England, water infrastructure remains property of Scottish Water, however metering and billing of business customers is now undertaken by water supply companies. The civil justice system also has many differences from England and Wales with many differences in Contract Law, Property Law, and Family Law. These include: In terms of mineral resources, Scotland produces coal, zinc, iron and oil shale. Prior to the 2008 financial crisis Scotland ranked second only to London in the European league of headquarters locations of the 30 largest banks in Europe as measured by market value.[52][53]. The total value of exports from Scotland to the rest of the UK in 2014 (excluding oil and gas) was estimated at £48.5 billion.[68]. The Scottish Government has introduced the Scottish Welfare Fund[85] to lessen the impact of cuts to social security benefits. Scotland was[clarification needed] connected to mainland Europe by a dedicated ferry service between Rosyth (near Edinburgh) and Zeebrugge. Scottish participation in the British Empire also allowed Scotland to export its output throughout much of the world. Public education in Scotland is more standardised than in England - Scotland has no equivalents of publicly funded grammar schools, free schools, nor academies except for Jordanhill School which is maintained by the Scottish Government through direct Grant-in-Aid. Sustainable Tourism. 'Public' schools in England offered their services openly (to the public) rather than under running under the patronage of the Church. Scotland has a more generous social care system than England, with free personal nursing care for adults over 65[99] and those under 60 with certain medical conditions. [43], Scotland builds around 21,000 to 22,000 new homes per year, about 0.1% of its existing dwelling stock. According to Eurostat figures (2013) there are huge regional disparities in the UK with GDP per capita ranging from â¬15,000 in West Wales to â¬179,800 in Inner-London West. The Scottish Parliament has full control of Income tax, land taxes, property tax and local taxation and some fiscal policy. [82] As of March 2016, there were an estimated 350,410 private sector enterprises operating in Scotland. The tourism sector in Scotland supports the jobs of 218,000 people across over 14,900 diverse businesses Worth £4.1 billion Our tourism industry contributes £4.1 billion to the economy every year 8.3% work in tourism In 2007 the industry[which?] In 2014, over 15.5 million overnight tourism trips were taken in Scotland, for which visitor expenditure totalled £4.8 billion. Scotland's hotels, restaurants and pubs have been given new guidance as they prepare to reopen. Following its creation from the merger of eight regional fire & rescue services, the Cabinet Secretary for Justice is also responsible for the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service. [107] The most distinct differences in the Scottish criminal justice system is that only a simple majority of 15 is required to convict, the requirement for corroberation of evidence, and the existence of a third verdict. Within Britain itself there was also more centralisation, and industry tended to drift to the south, leaving Scotland as a neglected fringe. The number of visits and expenditure by overnight overseas visitors to Scotland is published by the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS). The natural environment is a key tourism asset with our scenery and landscapes being the highest motivation for people to visit Scotland. There is a clear separation of responsibility of the powers of both the UK government and the devolved Scottish Government in relation to the formulation and execution of national economic policy as it affects Scotland â this is set out under Section 5 of the Scotland Act 1998. As well as its contribution to Scotlandâs economy, the sustainable tourism sector also provides a number of wider benefits to Scotland. The NHS and social care services are funded from Scottish taxation and the UK block grant and is an almost entirely devolved matter - with procurement of prescription medicines done on a UK-wide basis. [105] Medical and social care spending is forecast to increase as the population is aging faster than in England. In 2003, as a result, the Scottish Parliament passed a Land Reform Act that empowered tenant farmers and communities to purchase land even if the landlord did not want to sell.[26]. [42], In modern times, knitwear and tweed are seen as traditional cottage industries but names like Pringle have given Scottish knitwear and apparel a presence on the international market. The description is composed by our digital data assistant. [40], Cotton began to replace linen in economic importance during the 1770s, with the first mill opening in Penicuik in 1778. The first revenues which have been devolved are landfill tax and property transaction taxes, with Scottish revenue collected for these taxes from 2015â16 onwards. [59] Scottish fund management centres have a major presence in areas such as pensions, property funds and investment trusts, as well as in retail and private client markets. Council tax bills in Scotland still include water rates if the property has a water mains connection - it is important to note that some properties in rural areas are not connected to the mains network and have their own private water supply. Many young men built careers as imperial administrators. As a consequence of the Act of Union Scotland's established trade with France and the Low Countries was cut off abruptly. Employment in the tourism-related industries sector (as measured by the Scottish Government's Sustainable Tourism Growth Sector) in Scotland was 207,000 in 2016 - accounting for around 8.0% of employment in Scotland. In 2011, visitor spending was £1.16 billion, compared to ⦠Domestic tourist⦠Scotland has a large abundance of natural resources from fertile land suitable for agriculture, to oil and gas. After the Industrial Revolution in Scotland, the Scottish economy concentrated on heavy industry, dominated by the shipbuilding, coal mining and steel industries. [21], Growth was rapid after 1700, as Scottish ports, especially those on the Clyde, began to import tobacco from the American colonies. [citation needed], Although North Sea oil production has been declining since 1999, an estimated 920 million tonnes of recoverable crude oil remained in 2009. The Carron Company established its ironworks at Falkirk in 1759, initially using imported ore but later using locally sourced Ironstone. However the adoption of free trade in mid-19th century brought cheap American corn which undersold local farmers. Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP) of United Kingdom fell gradually from 14.4 % in 2000 to 10.9 % in 2019. It is easy to underestimate the scale of tourism. The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament â the areas in which it can make laws â by explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Scottish Government has several economic development agencies, with Highlands and Islands' Enterprise, Scottish Enterprise, and Scottish Development International. The first half of the 19th century brought the creation of many life assurance companies in Scotland, predominantly on the mutual model. [49], Banking in Scotland has a long history, beginning with the creation of the Bank of Scotland in Edinburgh in 1695, and expanding greatly to support the trading developments of the 18th and 19th centuries. Note that the tourism expenditure chart below refers to figures in 2016 constant prices. Many places in the world rely heavily on tourism as a key source of income and employment. The Scottish Government has full control over how Scotland's annual block grant is spent, such as healthcare, education and on state-owned enterprises, e.g. The currency of Scotland is the Pound sterling, which is also the world's fourth-largest reserve currency after the US dollar, the euro and Japanese yen. The economy has thus become more diversified and therefore stabler. This website is no longer being updated. In the Trossachs, the visiting Romantic poets were charmed. The Wider Benefits of Tourism to the Economy, Communities and Regions. The oil related industries are a major source of employment and income in these regions. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster. [83] This is in addition to employees of the government in the civil service and in local government as well as public bodies and corporations. Similarly the Flotta Oil Terminal in Orkney is linked by a 230 km long pipeline to the Piper and Occidental oil fields in the North Sea. Scots law has 'Delict' rather than 'tort' law, and no legal concept of equity. This lush beautiful country is bursting with green spaces, lush forests, towering mountains and vast lochs (the Scottish word for lakes!). Through cruises, museums, and other tourist attractions, the Loch Ness Monster adds roughly £41 million to Scotland's economy in a typical year. In 2015, spending by tourists in Scotland generates around £11 billlion of economic activity in the wider Scottish supply chain and contributes around £6 billion of Scottish GDP (in basic prices). In current prices (not adjusted for inflation) overseas expenditure has risen by around 29% since 2006, to almost £1.9bn in 2016. [29] The shipbuilding industry on the River Clyde increased greatly from the 1840s and by 1870 the Clyde was producing more than half of Britain's tonnage of shipping. The Scottish Government recently established the Scottish National Investment Bank whose aim is to provide finance to small and medium sized enterprises to grow and develop. [clarification needed][Less mild than the west coast.] In tandem with the decline of sea-fishing, commercial fish farms, especially in salmon, have increased in prominence in the rivers and lochs of the north and west of Scotland. With millions of visitors each year, the economic contribution they bring and the way they spend their time here â thereâs a lot about Scotlandâs ever-evolving tourism industry that deserves to be examined and understood. This flourished until the American Civil War in 1861 cut off the supplies of raw cotton; the industry never recovered. High oil prices have resulted in a resurgence of oil exploration, specifically in the North East Atlantic basin to the west of Shetland and the Outer Hebrides, in areas that were previously considered marginal and unprofitable. Barley, wheat and potatoes are grown in eastern parts of Scotland such as Aberdeenshire, Moray, Highland, Fife and the Scottish Borders. [77] Grangemouth is at the centre of Scotland's petrochemicals industry. [citation needed] In terms of overseas visitors, those from the United States made up 15% of visits to Scotland, with the United States being the largest source of overseas visitors, and Germany (13%), France (7%), Australia (6%) and Canada (5%) following behind. Scottish waters consisting of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil resources in the European Union â With the growth of oil exploration during that time, as well as the ancillary industries needed to support it, the city of Aberdeen became the UK's centre of the North Sea Oil Industry, with the port and harbour serving many oil fields off shore. Henry Duncan[50], Scotland has four clearing banks: the Bank of Scotland, The Royal Bank of Scotland, the Clydesdale Bank and TSB Bank. Council-run schools in Scotland were traditionally referred to as 'public schools' and many Victorian-era schoolhouses to this day have 'public' inscribed on their exterior. According to Property Wire, the number of new homes built in Scotland during 2018 reached over 20,000 for the first time in a decade, a rise of 15% in the previous year, official data shows [3]. The waters surrounding Scotland are some of the richest in Europe. Scotland is a country in Europe and is part of the island of Great Britain (Europeâs largest island) alongside England, Wales and Northern Ireland. This is especially disappointing when we consider the huge contribution of outbound travel to the economy of Scotland, which amounts to nearly £2 billion every year in ⦠[11][12][13][14][15][16] The Bank of England is Scotland's central bank and its Monetary Policy Committee is responsible for setting interest rates. Overnight domestic tourism visits and expenditure in Scotland by British residents are derived from the Great Britain Tourism Survey (GBTS). The State pension age is also reserved, as is the rate and eligibility of the UK State pensions system. The lowlandsare known for their fertile farmland and thick woodlands, the Highlands for their towering mountains, sweeping moorland and dee⦠This has, however, been combined with a rise in the service sector of the economy, which has grown to be the largest sector in Scotland. When Scotland ratified the 1707 Act of Union, despite Scotland's national debt, taxes were low due to war avoidance and trade thrived from the Baltic to the Caribbean. After 1945, however, the older heavy industries continued to decline and the government provided financial encouragement to many new industries, ranging from atomic power and petrochemical production to light engineering. Scotland embraced the Industrial Revolution, becoming a small commercial and industrial powerhouse of the British Empire. Infrastructure in Scotland is varied in its provision and its quality. [55] Standard Life, based in Edinburgh, demutualised and has remained independent. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Scotland in 2013 was $248.5 billion including revenue generated from North Sea oil and gas. Since 1979, management of the UK economy (including Scotland) has followed a broadly laissez-faire approach. 'Heritable title' is equivalent to a freehold in England and Wales, however there is no Scots' law equivalent of a leasehold. Unemployment became a serious problem, especially in those areas where major industries had declined. In the 21st century, with the high rates of growth in many emerging economies of southeast Asia such as China, Thailand and Singapore, there was a drive towards marketing Scottish products and manufactured goods in these countries.[67]. [17] Scotland is a constituent country of the UK, which is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G7, the G8, the G20, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the United Nations. Thereâs no getting away from the importance of tourism⦠Advocates are regulated by the Faculty of Advocates whereas in England and Wales; barristers are regulated by their Inn. Many Scots became soldiers, returning home after 20 years with their pension and skills.[22]. and it contributes over £4.25 billion to the UK economy, making up a quarter of all its food and drink revenues. [81] Total public sector expenditure for Scotland has been declining, as a share of GDP, since 2011-12, and in 2015-16 is estimated to be £68.6 billion which is around 46.6% FY2015-16. Direct UK heritage tourism expenditure - £8.49bn (= £5 Bn GDP) (GDP multiplier 2.75 then applied to give £13.9 Bn total impact) NB: There is no Scotland figure presented in the report. The coal seams beneath central Scotland, in particular in Ayrshire and Fife contributed significantly to the industrialisation of Scotland during the 19th and 20th centuries. (See British banknotes for further discussion). VisitScotland also works closely with businesses, local authorities and other tourism stakeholders to maximise the economic benefits of tourism to Scotland. Tourism Contributes Around £6BN Of GDP To The Scottish Economy, 5% Of The Total. Inland waters are rich in fresh water fish such as salmon and trout although here too there has been an inexorable and so far unexplained decline in abundance over the past decades. Hill farming is also prominent in the Southern Uplands in the south of Scotland, resulting in the production of wool, lamb and mutton. 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